Pedagogical support: Each chapter includes a real-life mini case study, examples, a summary, selected bibliography, review questions and topics for discussion. The first course in software engineering is the most critical. Education must start from an understanding of the heart of software development, from familiar ground that is common to all software development endeavors. This book is an in-depth introduction to software engineering that uses a systematic, universal kernel to teach the essential elements of all software engineering methods.
This kernel, Essence, is a vocabulary for defining methods and practices. Essence is a practice-independent framework for thinking and reasoning about the practices we have and the practices we need. Essence establishes a shared and standard understanding of what is at the heart of software development.
Essence is agnostic to any particular method, lifecycle independent, programming language independent, concise, scalable, extensible, and formally specified. Essence frees the practices from their method prisons. The first part of the book describes Essence, the essential elements to work with, the essential things to do and the essential competencies you need when developing software.
The other three parts describe more and more advanced use cases of Essence. Using real but manageable examples, it covers the fundamentals of Essence and the innovative use of serious games to support software engineering. It also explains how current practices such as user stories, use cases, Scrum, and micro-services can be described using Essence, and illustrates how their activities can be represented using the Essence notions of cards and checklists.
The fourth part of the book offers a vision how Essence can be scaled to support large, complex systems engineering. Essence is supported by an ecosystem developed and maintained by a community of experienced people worldwide. From this ecosystem, professors and students can select what they need and create their own way of working, thus learning how to create ONE way of working that matches the particular situation and needs. Software testing can be regarded as an art, a craft, and a science.
The practical, step-by-step approach presented in this book provides a bridge between these different viewpoints. A single worked example runs throughout, with consistent use of test automation. Each testing technique is introduced in the context of this example, helping students see its strengths and weaknesses. The technique is then explained in more detail, providing a deeper understanding of underlying principles.
Finally the limitations of each technique are demonstrated by inserting faults, giving learners concrete examples of when each technique succeeds or fails in finding faults. Coverage includes black-box testing, white-box testing, random testing, unit testing, object-oriented testing, and application testing.
The authors also emphasise the process of applying the techniques, covering the steps of analysis, test design, test implementation, and interpretation of results. The book's web site has programming exercises and Java source code for all examples.
Aware that a single crisis event can devastate their business, managers must be prepared for the worst from an expansive array of threats. The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business comprises a professional and scholarly collection of work in this critical field. Risks come in many varieties, and there is a growing concern for organizations to respond to the challenge. Businesses can be severely impacted by natural and man-made disasters including: floods, earthquakes, tsunami, environmental threats, terrorism, supply chain risks, pandemics, and white-collar crime.
Developments in risk security and management knowledge offer a path towards resilience and recovery through effective leadership in crisis situations. The growing body of knowledge in research and methodologies is a basis for decisions to safeguard people and assets, and to ensure the survivability of an organization from a crisis.
Not only can businesses become more secure through risk management, but an effective program can also facilitate innovation and afford new opportunities. With chapters written by an international selection of leading experts, this book fills a crucial gap in our current knowledge of risk, crisis and security in business by exploring a broad spectrum of topics in the field.
Edited by a globally-recognized expert on risk, this book is a vital reference for researchers, professionals and students with an interest in current scholarship in this expanding discipline. This volume examines all aspects of using agent or individual-based simulation.
This approach represents systems as individual elements having their own set of differing states and internal processes. The interactions between elements in the simulation represent interactions in the target systems. What makes this "social" is that it can represent an observed society.
Social systems include all those systems where the components have individual agency but also interact with each other. This includes human societies and groups, but also increasingly socio-technical systems where the internet-based devices form the substrate for interaction.
These systems are central to our lives, but are among the most complex known. This poses particular problems for those who wish to understand them. The complexity often makes analytic approaches infeasible but, on the other hand, natural language approaches are also inadequate for relating intricate cause and effect. This is why individual and agent-based computational approaches hold out the possibility of new and deeper understanding of such systems.
This handbook marks the maturation of this new field. It brings together summaries of the best thinking and practices in this area from leading researchers in the field and constitutes a reference point for standards against which future methodological advances can be judged. This second edition adds new chapters on different modelling purposes and applying software engineering methods to simulation development. Revised existing content will keep the book up-to-date with recent developments.
This volume will help those new to the field avoid "reinventing the wheel" each time, and give them a solid and wide grounding in the essential issues. It will also help those already in the field by providing accessible overviews of current thought. The material is divided into four sections: Introduction, Methodology, Mechanisms, and Applications.
Whilst sometimes covering technical aspects, this second edition of Simulating Social Complexity is designed to be accessible to a wide range of researchers, including both those from the social sciences as well as those with a more formal background.
It will be of use as a standard reference text in the field and also be suitable for graduate level courses. The software industry is regarded as one of the most creative and dynamic industries in the world. At the same time, sheltering software through copyright and patent law has been a major point of contention for the past 40 years. This doctoral thesis aims to provide new insights to this discussion. Through the use of sociological methodology, it supplies the necessary basic scientific reasearch regarding how software is developed and commercialized nowadays.
Based on these findings, it then legally evaluates to what extent copyright and patent law are able to reflect these structures and determines how an optimal protection scope for computer programs could look like today. This doctoral thesis on one hand offers novel insights and points of view on existing legal doctrines.
It further acknowledges as well as legally qualifies some prevailing trends in the software industry, such as Scrum and continuous delivery, that have so far been largely unaddressed by copyright and patent law. The development of software has expanded substantially in recent years. As these technologies continue to advance, well-known organizations have begun implementing these programs into the ways they conduct business. These large companies play a vital role in the economic environment, so understanding the software that they utilize is pertinent in many aspects.
Researching and analyzing the tools that these corporations use will assist in the practice of software engineering and give other organizations an outline of how to successfully implement their own computational methods.
Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities is an essential reference source that discusses advanced software methods that prominent companies have adopted to develop high quality products.
This book will examine the various devices that organizations such as Google, Cisco, and Facebook have implemented into their production and development processes. For the CBT Workshop 8 full and 4 short papers were accepted out of 24 submissions.
The selected papers are organized in the following topical headings: Transactions, Mining, Second Layer and Inter-bank Payments. The DPM Workshop received 38 submissions from which 12 full and 5 short papers were selected for presentation.
Encompassing the management, study, planning, and design of the ways in which users interact with computers, this field has evolved from using punch cards to force touch in a matter of decades. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up.
Download Free PDF. Software Engineering 10 — Solutions Manual. Tueogd 08ab A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Anti-lock braking system This is a safety-critical system so requires a lot of up-front analysis before implementation.
It certainly needs a plan-driven approach to development with the requirements carefully analysed. A waterfall model is therefore the most appropriate approach to use, perhaps with formal transformations between the different development stages.
Virtual reality system This is a system where the requirements will change and there will be an extensive user interface components. Incremental development with, perhaps, some UI prototyping is the most appropriate model.
An agile process may be used. University accounting system This is a system whose requirements are fairly well-known and which will be used in an environment in conjunction with lots of other systems such as a research grant management system.
Therefore, a reuse-based approach is likely to be appropriate for this. Interactive travel planning system System with a complex user interface but which must be stable and reliable. An incremental development approach is the most appropriate as the system requirements will change as real user experience with the system is gained. Explain why it is essential to repeat the requirements engineering activity in the process. These activities are: 1.
An initial activity where you understand the function of the system and set out broad requirements for what the system should do. There is a fundamental difference between the user and the system requirements that mean they should be considered separately. They should be expressed in natural language and may not be expressed in great detail, to allow some implementation flexibility. The system requirements are much more detailed than the user requirements and are intended to be a precise specification of the system that may be part of a system contract.
They may also be used in situations where development is outsourced and the development team need a complete specification of what should be developed. The system requirements are developed after user requirements have been established. Furthermore, the system's environment is dynamic and constantly generates new requirements as a consequence of changes to the business, business goals and business policies.
Unless the system is adapted to reflect these requirements, its facilities will become out-of-step with the facilities needed to support the business and, hence, it will become less useful. Examples of process activities that support change are: 1. Recording of requirements rationale so that the reason why a requirement is included is known. This helps with future change. Design modeling where the design model documents the structure of the software. Code refactoring that improves code quality and so makes it more amenable to change.
Advantages of process improvement frameworks 1. The approach provides a means of measuring the state of a process and a structured approach to introducing process improvements. It is useful as a way of building on the experience of others in process improvement. Disadvantages of process improvement frameworks 1. Like any measurement system, there is a tendency to introduce improvements to improve the measured rating rather than concentrate on improvements that meet real business goals.
The maturity model approach is expensive and bureaucratic to operate. It is not really suitable for organisations that use agile development. The principles underlying agile development are: 1. Individual and interactions over processes and tools. By taking advantages of individual skills and ability and by ensuring that the development team know what each other are doing, the overheads of formal communication and process assurance are avoided. This means that the team can focus on the development of working software.
Working software over comprehensive documentation. This contributes to accelerated development because time is not spent developing, checking and managing documentation. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation.
This allows useful functionality to be developed and delivered earlier than would be possible if contracts were required. Responding to change over following a plan. Agile developers argue rightly that being responsive to change is more effective than following a plan-based process because change is inevitable whatever process is used.
There is significant overhead in changing plans to accommodate change and the inflexibility of a plan means that work may be done that is later discarded. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to requirements description. Advantages of stories: 1. They represent real situations that commonly arise so the system will support the most common user operations.
It is easy for users to understand and critique the stories. They represent increments of functionality — implementing a story delivers some value to the user. Disadvantages of stories 1. They are liable to be incomplete and their informal nature makes this incompleteness difficult to detect.
They focus on functional requirements rather than non-functional requirements. Representing cross-cutting system requirements such as performance and reliability is impossible when stories are used.
The relationship between the system architecture and the user stories is unclear so architectural design is difficult. Your comparison should be based on the effectiveness of each approach for planning the allocation of people to projects, estimating the cost of projects, maintaining team cohesion and managing changes in project team membership. Planning allocation of people to projects Scrum Scrum handles people allocation informally.
Alternatively, the tasks can be allocated by the Scrum master. There is no formal mechanism in Scrum for planning for project members with very specific expertise to be temporarily allocated to a team. This need must be identified by the Scrum master and he or she has to discuss how the expertise can be made available. The expertise required for each part can then be identified and the allocation of people to projects planned on that basis. Estimating project costs Scrum Project costs are estimated based on the required delivery date for the software and people working in the Scrum team.
The functionality of the system is adjusted so that some working system will always be delivered for the original cost estimation. Of course, this may not be adequate for the customer and they have to become involved in rescheduling the delivery of the system.
Plan-based development Project costs are based on an analysis of the functionality specified in the requirements document as well as the non-functional requirements of the system.
They may be adjusted to reflect team size and delivery schedule. It is normal for costs to be underestimated and the final project to cost much more than originally estimated. An average cost for team members is assumed. Maintaining team cohesion Scrum Team member meet daily either face to face or electronically.
Extensive informal discussions and communications are encouraged. Team members negotiate work to be done from the project backlog. This all leads to a shared feeling of product ownership and a very cohesive team. Plan-based development Team cohesion is the responsibility of the project manager and he or she has to take explicit actions to encourage this. The general approach relies on formal meetings that are relatively infrequent and this does not lead to the development of a cohesive team. Managing changes in project team membership Scrum This is a topic that is rarely discussed in Scrum but is a fundamental problem because so much information is informal and reliant on people remembering what has been agreed.
When someone leaves, it can be very difficult to bring a replacement team member up to speed, especially if very little project documentation is available. Therefore, if a team member leaves, then a new team member with comparable expertise can read what has been done and, after understanding this, should be able to serve as a replacement.
Project planning is often essential when developing software with larger teams to a ensure that the right people are available when they are needed to be involved in the development process and b ensure that the delivery schedules of different parts of the system developed by different teams are aligned. Requirements analysis and documentation is important to decide how to distribute the work across teams and to ensure that each team has some understanding of what other teams are doing.
Design documentation especially interface specifications are important so that teams can develop independently without having access to software that is under development.
Risk management may be required to ensure that all of the teams understand the risks faced and can organize their work to minimize these risks.
Risk management may also be useful to cope with different delivery schedules used by different teams. That is, they adopt the outlook of the development team and lose sight of the needs of their user colleagues. Suggest three ways how you might avoid this problem and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Involve multiple users in the development team.
Advantages are you get multiple perspectives on the problem, better coverage of user tasks and hence requirements and less likelihood of having an atypical user.
Disadvantages are cost, difficulties of getting user engagement and possible user conflicts. Change the user who is involved with the team.
Advantages are, again, multiple perspectives. Disadvantages are each user takes time to be productive and possible conflicting requirements from different users.
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